These findings suggest that background music affects neural responses during reading comprehension by increasing the difficulty of semantic integration, and thus extend the irrelevant sound effect to suggest that the neural processing of visually based cognitive tasks can also be affected by music. This outcome might have occurred because the arousal levels of the participants were not affected by the high- and low-arousal music throughout the experiment. The results showed that the N400 effect, elicited by world knowledge violations versus correct controls, was significantly smaller for silence than those for high- and low-arousal music backgrounds, with no significant difference between the two musical backgrounds. The participants’ arousal levels were reported during the experiment. Thirty-nine postgraduates judged the correctness of sentences about world knowledge without or with background music (high-arousal music and low-arousal music). The present study used event-related potentials to examine the effects of background music on neural responses during reading comprehension and their modulation by musical arousal. The effects of background speech or noise on visually based cognitive tasks has been widely investigated however, little is known about how the brain works during such cognitive tasks when music, having a powerful function of evoking emotions, is used as the background sound.

Non lyrical music